Peptide science, explained
How peptides are made, tested and studied
Clear guides to the chemistry, the analytical methods and the latest research in one of the fastest-moving areas of modern science.
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Four foundational guides to begin with. There are 21 in the full library.
Basics
What are peptides?
Amino acids, peptide bonds and where peptides sit between small molecules and proteins.
Chemistry
How peptides are made
Solid-phase synthesis, purification and freeze-drying, step by step.
Analysis
How peptide purity is tested
HPLC, mass spectrometry, and how to read a certificate of analysis.
Research
Where peptide research is heading
Multi-receptor agonists, oral delivery, macrocycles and more.
Peptides at a glance
A few reference points.
1901Emil Fischer and Ernest Fourneau report the first synthetic dipeptide.
1963Bruce Merrifield publishes solid-phase peptide synthesis, later earning the 1984 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
2–50The rough number of amino acids usually used to define a peptide rather than a protein.
20Standard amino acids encoded by the genetic code, the building blocks of every natural peptide.